Defensive and offensive security in a nutshell

This post has the aim to summarise the security aspects of WPA2, with a focus on WPA2-Enterprise hacking. At the end, EAP-TLS is presented as a pretty secure implementation. WPA2 in brief The Wi-Fi Protected Access is a wireless technology designed to secure the communiciations between stations and the Access Point from eavesdropping and tampering attacks. It is defined in 802.11i standard and has been adopted in home, small business (WPA2-Personal) and enterprises (WPA2-Enterprise) since 2004.  The WPA2 implementation is based on the 4-way handshake. The PMK (pairwise master key) is the value that both station and AP know and from which the PTK (pairwise transient key) is calculated and valid for the session. The station MAC, the AP MAC and two nonces (A-Nonce, S-Nonce) that are exchanged during the 4-way handshake are also part of the PTK generation process. From an offensive point of view, capturing the messages of the 4-way handshake that are transm

In this article we talk about management frames, their exposure to Denial of Service (DoS) via de-authentication attack, how Management Frames Protection can prevent this and its limitations against other DoS attacks discovered during the years by security researchers. A brief overview of Management Frames Management frames are at the centre of the WLAN operability and also have an important role in the negotiation activity between an access point and its stations. Code Field (Wireshark filter) Subtype 0x00 Association Request 0x01 Association Response 0x02 Re-Association Request 0x03 Re-Association Response 0x04 Probe Request 0x05 Probe Response 0x06 Reserved 0x07 Reserved 0x08 Beacon 0x09 ATIM 0x0a Disassociation 0x0b Authentication 0x0c Deauthentication 0x0d Actio